Technical Writing Steps and Purpose Essay - 697 Words

The Technical Writing Process Describe the three main steps of the technical writing process and how you would use these steps to create the manual mentioned in this scenario. a) Prewriting – Is the process in which we gather the information to be used in the manual. In this step we must examine the purpose for which we are writing, determine the goal(s) that we want to accomplish, consider the type of audience that will be reading the manual, using all necessary resources we gather the data required to complete the manual and finally, we must determine how we want to convey our information, which is in this case in a manual. b) Writing – The writing process involves taking all the information obtained in the prewriting process†¦show more content†¦We do this by 1) providing specific details, avoiding the use of vague, abstract words that could be interpreted in different ways, 2) answering the reporters questions, this is done by making sure the who, what, where, when, why and how are answered during the course of the document, and 3) use easily understood words, the rule of thumb is if the reader has to use a dictionary, your writing is not clear enough. e) Conciseness – the purpose of this step is ensure that the manual is brief and straight to the point, eliminating the use of drawn out words and sentences. This is done by 1) limiting the length of paragraphs, attempting to cram a lot of information in one paragraph hinders the readers ability to comprehend what was read, and 2) limiting the word and sentence length, the bigger the word the more likely it is that the reader will a dictionary to know what it means. f) Accuracy – the purpose of this step is to validate the document by eliminating any grammatical and spelling errors. The most effective way of doing this is by proofreading your document. This step is a sure way to uncover mistakes made in the initial writing of the document. Some word processor applications have the ability to check your spelling and grammar. If all else fails, ask a friend to read your document to see if they can spot any errors. g) Organization – the purpose of this step is to organize your thoughts in a way that allows theShow MoreRelatedCreative Writing1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Creative Writing versus Technical Writing† It is often difficult to distinguish the differences and similarities between Technical Writing and Creative Writing. Writing is writing and good writing is creative writing. If we accept, however, that Technical Writing exists in its own category, with Creative Writing in another, how can we categorize creative Technical writing? One way to explore the differences and similarities between Technical Writing and Creative Writing is to analyzeRead MoreWhat Is Technical Communication? Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Technical Communication? Technical communication is the dispersal of information that would aid in the way people interact with technology. In addition, it allows people to work with technology in their daily lives. The spread of information, through technical communication, is given more accurately and is made easier for the reader to understand. The different methods of communication help in performing a task, answering questions, or making decisions. That being the case, it helps peopleRead MoreProgram Planning Program Evaluation; Peace Domestic Violence Agency1087 Words   |  5 PagesProgram Evaluation; PEACE Domestic Violence Agency HSM 270 Abstract The overall purpose of this paper is to compare program planning with program evaluation in a human service organization by describing how the two components are related. There will be examples of how program planning and evaluation interrelate with the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency scenario from Appendix B. We will also look at the technical and political aspects of program planning and evaluation that might encounter in theRead MoreTechnical Analysis : Vendor Thirdpartyinvoiceing Billtrustoverview.pdf775 Words   |  4 PagesThe technical document presented as an example in Node 1, â€Å"Vendor-ThirdPartyInvoiceing-BillTrustOverview.pdf†, is a good example of technical communication. The document lines up with all six characteristics of technical communication according to M. Markel. While it’s true that the author of this rhetorical analysis brief and the analyzed technical document are both one and the same, that does not mean that the analysis presented in this brief should be disregarded as overly biased. Technical writersRead MoreImportant Components Of The Research Process1467 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess require some level of writing skills. As outlined by Ms. Ciara Azam who was a researcher in the field of nanotechnology, these are three components of research which rely wholly on writing at some point in their production, each of which were vital to her working effectively with her team. They are, writing formal proposals, taking lab notes, and publishing papers. These three tasks happen in chronological order, which may not be particularly surprising. The purpose of each of these pieces isRead MoreMct2 Task3 Essay example883 Words   |  4 PagesOverview This document provides outline of the instructional guide for audience of ebay and etsy web sites which enable users to sell their own goods online. The audience of the guide is mostly non-technical users who need detailed instructions to achieve the task. Outline I. Ebay a. Ebay is primarily service providers who connect the sellers and buyers by providing platform to sell and buy any goods. b. Selling formats c. Fees d. Listing types e. Payment methods/providers f. II.Read MoreWeek 4 Personal Strategy Card EXP105 Aug2014 Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿EXP 105: Week 4 Personal Strategy Card Name: A. LCI Scores Sequence Precision Technical Reasoning Confluence Record your LCI scores in the boxes provided. 24 29 26 23 B. Carefully describe the degree to which you use each of your Learning Patterns. (Refer to the Personal Learning Profile you developed for your Week Two assignment and any feedback provided by your instructor to determine if you need to refine your responses as you complete this section.) Sequence: Sequence is something IRead MoreI Am A Master Of Writing Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pages Writing in Engineering When most people think of engineers, they think about people who are extremely skilled in mathematics and in the sciences. They might think about an engineer sketching a design into their notebook. No one ever thinks about how much an engineer has to write. Without writing, engineers would not be able to spread their ideas to one another in an effective manner. In order to be a good engineer, you obviously have to be a master of your mathematics and sciences, but youRead MoreWrite Cpa Exam Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesTechnical Writing. Friday: 5:30 - 9:30 P.M. SUBJECT: CPA Essay Writing Formula TO: Alexander Luther, CPA candidate FROM: Azim Jivani, CPA DATE: February 18, 2011 It has been brought to my attention that the current CPA exam has gone through some changes primarily in the writing section. â€Å"To earn points for a written communications question, candidates must read a description of a situation or scenario, and must write a document that relates or responds to that scenario† (CPA). There is almostRead MoreLearning Is The Process Of Critical Thinking1027 Words   |  5 Pagesto my quest of obtaining my degree. Many of my career choices have been technical in nature. As a result, it has caused me to develop my Technical Reasoning as a â€Å"use first† pattern of thinking. Using service repair manuals, technical bulletins, instruction sheets and books, and blueprints have developed the ability to use the Sequence and Precision learning patterns also. My LCI scores are; Precision 21, Sequence 22, Technical Reasoning 28, and Confluence 21. I have been a writer for my own personal

The French Revolution Was An Era Where There Was A Dramatic

The French Revolution was an era where there was a dramatic political and social change. The supporters of the French Revolution came across problems such as women s lack of a right to citizenship, Absolute Monarchy of the Feudal System, and the lack of rights of the clergy and nobility. The supporters of the French Revolution attempted to solve these problems by abolishing the Feudal system, and the establishment of a republic. They also created steps towards resolving the lack of women’s rights, and forming an assembly. The first problem was whether or not women should have the right to become citizens. During the French Revolution women were held to a lower standard, so therefore a woman would not have the same rights as a man. When†¦show more content†¦A women job of nurturing and raising children is as equivalent to men working for hours. In many eyes, it is wrong to deny citizenship based on how men deemed to shaped and have women perceived in society. There is no difference between men and women, which leads to the solution to the problem of whether or not women should have citizenship. That that women should be given their rights accordingly, just as it was giving to men; † to all women who own property or who are heads of households†. It is fairly reasonable because women work as equally hard as men do, and these steps will slowly proposed a change to how women will live and how they will be perceived as. another problem in the French Revolution would be the lack of respect given to the Third Estate. The Third Estate was the majority of France, or some could say that it is France. The Third Estate was basically every in France that didn t have a noble title, which included peasants, and peasant that owned land and used it to farm. Also, peasants, that worked for noblemen and free peasants that owned shops and business who were highly taxed by the upper class. Being in the Third Estates came with plenty of problems that presented inequality. These complications of The Third Estate were basically all the burdens that everyone from the upper classes did not want to endure passed on. Also, the Third Estates is the working class, and it is not likely for someone who is in the working class toShow MoreRelatedThe New Idea Of Romanticism1745 Words   |  7 Pagescannot explain everything, and to value imagination and emotion over intellect and reason was a common characteristic. This era was based on a belief that people are naturally good, spontaneity and intensity of feeling are valued, that passion was noble, and political authority and firm conventions needed a revolution. 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We saw great leaps forward in in the evolution of democracy during the US revolution which was exemplified by the cry of: â€Å"No taxation without representation.† In the French revolution, in which there has been so much has studied about, is another example of inequality helping democratization. In the modern era, we have seen the Arab springRead MoreThe Birth And Evolution Of Ballet1691 Words   |  7 Pagessuccession of changes and been influenced by gifted artists and choreographers alike, whose unique styles and innovative techniques left their indelible mark on the classic art form. Beginning with t he Renaissance and continuing through the Romantic Era, ballet evolved as each political and social movement ushered in changes that impacted and shaped the dance, over time transforming it into the cherished art that it is today. 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The Number One Spot Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Number One Spot Essay, Research Paper The Number One Spot The common look each adult male for himself has been heard from the beginning of clip. Most people are out for themselves in the universe. Sometimes this sense of individuality is a characteristic that is to be admired. Other times it is a defect. Throughout her novel, The Fountainhead, Ayn Rand shows three characters with a strong sense of individualism. Howard Roark s sense of life for himself and his beliefs are strong character traits that cause an esteem because he sticks to his ethical motives in all state of affairss. Peter Keating s selfishness overpowers him and he uses anyone or thing to obtain his success. Ellsworth Toohey has all ready gained success in society ; he is now out for personal retaliation. He manipulates people to be his helpers in his destruction of his enemies. All three characters strongly show individuality and turn out throughout the novel that the most of import individual to populate for is himself. Surviving in the existent universe is a hard undertaking in itself ; lasting entirely proves to be an obstruction. The pick to transport on unaided is normally an option that an single chooses for himself. Howard Roark decides that the lone manner to populate is for himself and for his beliefs. From the start, Howard Roark started off on the incorrect pes. His instructors found his architectural position to be absurd and uncalled for. Roark found his work to be self-expressive and original. He saw no demand to modify his manner of design to the institute s manner. To him, his edifices were beautiful, because they had a intent, an existent map to its dwellers besides the sheer outside ornaments that normal designs contained. Since Roark would non conform and plan against his will, he was kicked out of his school and was forced to be on his ain. Roark, nevertheless, did non mind the challenge. He found that the lone manner that he could be happy was to freely plan his edifices under his criterions. To him a edifice was a portion of nature ; raised from the land and utilizing the Earth s beauty as an accoutrement. For Roark, this was the lone manner to construct, the lone manner he would construct. Occasionally he would be contracted by a similar head that saw the beauty of his design. Largely though he went through periods of fiscal drouth. He someway managed to last and keep an office. He would sit each twenty-four hours waiting for a phone call that did non come. He would non give up what he believed was right merely to be successful in the eyes of others. For Roark, remaining true to himself was a success in itself. All of Roark s actions in his work are for himself and no 1 else. As he stated, Bricks and steel are non my motivations. Neither are the clients. Both are the lone means of my work But to acquire things done, you must love the making, non the secondary effects. The work, non the people. Roark realized that stuff objects made his thoughts take topographic point but that they were non the full intent of what he was making. Roark was making what he believed in and this included difficult work. His work, and the quality of it, meant everything to him and if it were someway obscured he would hold no pick but to destruct it. Roark gave specific instructions that he would construct, every bit long as nil was changed. Unfortunately, one clip, things did non travel harmonizing to programs and the edifice was distorted. Roark found that the lone manner to work out this job was to destruct the edifice. He was so strong in his beliefs that he sacrificed all his difficult work merely because he could non see the edifice bing any other manner than what he had planned. To him, blowing up the edifice was the lone solution. If the edifice could non be his manner so he would non let it to be at all. Whether Roark was being kicked out of school, rejecting work, or blowing up a edifice, he was standing up for what he knew was right. Roark neer let the outside universe influence his opinions or his actions. In Roark s eyes, every factor he faced in his life had significance and led to his hereafter. On the opposite side of the fencing, Peter Keating believed that in order to be pleased with himself, he had to delight others. Alternatively of going an creative person, Keating sacrificed his wants and became an designer because that was the profession that his female parent wished him to get. Keating s female parent decided that it would be a respectable place for her boy. Keating graduated and joined the most well-thought-of architectural house. He w orked his manner to the top, but non through his difficult work and dedication. Alternatively, Keating used many different tactics to mount the rounds on the ladder of success. To get down off, none of his edifices were alone. Keating would analyze popular edifices of the past and steal assorted parts of their design and manner. By making so, his edifices became successful because they were familiar to the populace. He combined facets and subjects from edifices so that his work would non demo his entire counterfeit. Keating besides used many people to help him in his journey to success and celebrity. One of his victims was Tim Davis. Tim Davis was a chief draughtsman and Keating started to volunteer in assisting Davis complete his drawings. At first it was a secret, but Keating shortly made it cognize what he was making. But, Keating looked like the good cat throughout the whole ordeal. On the surface, he was simply merely assisting out a colleague. This is what it seemed to Tim Davis and the remainder of the office. Underneath the surface, Keating knew that he was merely assisting so Davis would be viewed as useless therefore leting Keating to obtain his occupation. As was stated, Tim Davis was the substance and the form of the first measure in his calling. To Keating utilizing people and their thoughts was merely a beginning in helping him in going a success. All of Keating s actions were egoistic. Unlike Roark, Keating s motivations were to obtain success and celebrity in the eyes of others. His desire was to be person and be known in his society. How he became known was undistinguished. His edifices and the people he encountered served no intent to him except to foster his calling. At first glimpse, Ellsworth Toohey gives the feeling of a harmless, fragile, old adult male. Yet, many times, as in this instance, visual aspects are non ever what they seem. Toohey is an highly good educated adult male who is known throughout society. He is called upon to do addresss and writes a column entitled One Small Voice. Many look up to Toohey as male parent type figure that lief donates his clip to assist and advocate. The rubric of Toohey s column is instead dry. In his column Toohey uses facile linguistic communication to cut down his victims. After being noted in One Small Voice a individual is either wholly respected or disrespected. Toohey aloud makes it clear what he thinks of the state of affairs and since so many hold him in high respect, his sentiment is taken to bosom. Toohey s little voice is non that at all. His words shouted at his reading audience doing it to the full cognizant of his brawny judgements hence rocking the audience toward his point of position. Toohey s little voice decidedly carries on strongly throughout society. Toohey accumulates certain people. If he likes a individual, possibly he will advert him in his column. Or possibly, he will ask for him to take part in one of the little groups that he has started. Toohey finds guiltless immature people who are seeking to go a success and draw them into his appreciation. He establishes a relationship with these immature people so they regard him as a wise elder/father type figure. Toohey handpicks these people because they have something in common with him and he needs to utilize them to accomplish a certain end. Toohey is highly rational and he can see right through them. He recognizes their sneaky actions and lets them recognize that he is unto their game without really admiting anything. By making so, Toohey causes them to go dependent upon him. They need to maintain returning to him for advice and guidance. Toohey one time said to one of the immature people whom he took in, This is a treaty, my beloved. An confederation Our motivations may be ra ther opposite. In fact, they are. But it doesn t affair. The consequence will be the same. It is non necessary to hold a baronial purpose in common. It is necessary merely to hold a common enemy Toohey may look sweet and guiltless but he is a sly conniver who knows what he wants and how to acquire it from people. He befriends people who he can utilize to convey down his enemies. By making so Toohey seems to be merely an confederate to the offense, non the originator behind it. Populating for oneself can turn out to be either a hard battle or a natural platitude act. Howard Roark, Peter Keating, and Ellsworth Toohey all have different ways of life for the lone individual who matters in their worlds-themselves. These work forces have searched their psyches and concluded that in order to obtain personal success they have to set themselves in the figure one topographic point.

Supply Chain Management Procurement for Competitive Advantage

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management Procurement for Competitive Advantage. Answer: Introduction: The study reflects the idea behind using the procurement strategy in supply chain management along with the e-procurement strategy in the organization called Warrnambool Cheese and Butter. The organization is one of the oldest dairy organization in the whole Australia. The organization established in 1888 and now it consists of at least five hundred employees. The organization produces butter, cheese, cream and dairy fixings, generally 50% of which is sold abroad. Neighborhood brands incorporate the Sungold milk, Coon cheddar, Cracker Barrel, Mil Lel, Great Ocean Road and Warrnambool Cheddar cheeses ("Warrnambool Cheese Butter | Quality Australian Dairy since 1888", 2016). Supply chain management is continuously being seen as the joining of key business shapes over the generation system. Dynamically, supply chain management is being seen as the organization of key business shapes over the arrangement of affiliations that include the production network (Stadtler, 2015). While various have seen the benefits of a strategy approach to manage managing the business and the inventory network, most are equivocal about what techniques are to be considered. Securing is the business organization work that sureties are recognizing evidence, sourcing, access and organization of the external resources that an affiliation needs or may need to fulfill its key targets (Bolandifar, Kouvelis Zhang, 2015). All the strategies that have been discussed in the study are complete related to enhance the competitive advantage of WCB in the market. Procurement in Supply Chain: Procurement Strategy: From a focused outlook, it might appear to the business sector pioneers that he across the board utilization of aggressive sourcing procedures and devices has disintegrated the real favorable position. Along these lines, since quality got from sourcing cost funds won't be sufficient in the upcoming days, another methodology is needed (Sanderson et al., 2015). This will be needed to use the supplied pedestal as a positive feature to both WCB and supplier the organization's assets and to utilize this consolidated ability for enhancing general organization intensity by making extra esteem for both clients and shareholders. Expanded accentuation is to be laid on quality objectives, for example, past expense and the supporting information or data gathering and examination (Pereira, Christopher, Silva, 2014). These incorporate the necessities of definitive clients that will affect what is obtained, the flow of the supply business sector and particular supplier abilities. By and large, the expansiveness and profundity of the information accumulation and examination increments fundamentally. For instance, the linkage amongst client and organization business, item and innovation systems must be obviously caught on (Sanderson et al., 2015). Understanding where quality is made in the supply system is basic just like the point by point use of worth mapping devices, supplier and system advancement, the supplier needs investigation, item plan unpredictability et cetera. As per Bolandifar, Kouvelis Zhang (2015), there are sure components which must be used in both the phases of the general purchasing activity and the warehouse level. In addition with that, these are based on the accompanying arrangement of nonspecific techniques: Manufactured goods procedures Sourcing procedures Communication procedures Service procedures Cost procedures For cooperative energy creation, the accompanying components are to be acknowledged in Product procedures: Co-advancement Platform ideas/institutionalization Zero-imperfection ideas The accompanying components are to be considered in Sourcing techniques: Outsourcing against insourcing. Concepts of the supplier, various versus single. Concepts of the object. Concepts of replacement The accompanying components are to be acknowledged in communication strategies: Information trade quickening Intensifying of rivalry Know-how-exchange The accompanying components are to be considered in service strategies: Support Outsourcing administrations Outsourcing waste administration Intensifying review The accompanying components are to be considered in Cost Strategies: Minimum cost Fair cost Average business sector cost Constructing a supply chain system within a worldwide supply base is a differential capacity. It is because it will inevitably prompt upper hand. Including another point of view will take WCB back to the primary issue. All this are concerning the purposes to implementing a worldwide supply base. Sanderson et al., (2015) identified the accompanying inspirations to begin worldwide sourcing: Acknowledgment of cost investment funds by catching component cost contrasts Securing accessibility of obtained merchandise Decrease of existing reliance on suppliers or supply markets Characteristic supporting of incomes and cash changes Tending to nearby substance prerequisites Spreading sourcing dangers like indebtedness hazard or danger of setbacks underway Streamlining of conveyances inside the worldwide assembling impression. On the off chance that we research inspirations from an acquirement viewpoint as well as with the store network view we can recognize the two principle expectations (1) Following a general development methodology of the firm into new worldwide markets and support it with obtainment exercises (Bolandifar, Kouvelis Zhang, 2015). (2) Seek after worldwide sourcing to enhance intensity of residential operations (Pereira, Christopher, Silva, 2014). For a systematization of methodologies that apply to the entire of a supply chain, it is helpful to recollect that cooperation in a production network, for the most part, diminishes vulnerabilities (Sanderson et al., 2015). With respect to the wellsprings of the instabilities and the approaches to lessen them, we can again set out from interest side and supply-side systems: The primary kind of vulnerability diminishment procedures goes for decreasing the interest vulnerabilities, for example, evading the bullwhip impact, by utilizing, among others, shared renewal. Supply vulnerability diminishment systems go for lessening or notwithstanding maintaining a strategic distance from instabilities concerning the nonstop upstream (Bolandifar, Kouvelis Zhang, 2015). Competitive Advantages: Key Procurement from a division-wide point of view has numerous advantages for WCB individuals. These advantages include: Cost Lessening: a diminishment in the expense to work together; these cost reserve funds ought to be obvious for both the seller and the WCB member (Sanderson et al., 2015). Request Aggregation: an enhanced capacity for WCB to total interest for item and administrations by means of term, gathering or volume acquiring responsibilities. Institutionalization: Improved coordination between the WCB participation as for the item and administrations being utilized as a part of a request to streamline the innovation blend being used inside WCB members and bolster forms inside and between WCB members (Pereira, Christopher, Silva, 2014). Process Simplification: A lessening in the organization required to draw in with merchants, including (however not constrained to) normal terms and conditions, a solitary value list and enhanced treatment of acquirement procedures (Sanderson et al., 2015). Data Sharing: Improved correspondence amongst merchants and the WCBMembership including innovation guides, backing and process data and general interchanges. Supply Chain Management: Implementation Project Management and Direct Procurement secure merchandise and administrations for undertaking and resource improvement over our three specialty units, for example, business property, retirement living and private. The group gives reliable acquisition procedures and systems for all advancement ventures, bolsters the immediate acquirement exercises of every specialty unit and expect obligation regarding obtainment exercises for high esteem ventures, roughly 70% of improvement spend. Oversight sits with our General Manager Project Management and Direct Procurement, who reports to the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of our three organizations (Stadtler, 2015). Operations Supply Chain Management obtains products and administrations for the administration of our operational resources in Commercial Property and Retirement Living (Seuring, 2013). Oversight sits with our General Manager of supply chain and General Manager of operations who report specifically to the CEO of their separate specialty units. Corporate Indirect Procurement gets corporate products and administrations. Our attention is on overseeing associations with key corporate suppliers, building up a structure for drawing in these suppliers and observing their execution (Brandenburg et al., 2014). Oversight sits with our General Manager of Operations and Process Improvement, Reporting straightforwardly to our Chief Operating Officer. Warrnambool cheese and butter receive a far-reaching key way to deal with dealing with our acquirement and store network. This methodology empowers cost efficiencies and the powerful administration of danger, improves the sureness and nature of task conveyance and the maintainability of our inventory network, and like this, our business. Supply chain improvement supply chains are innately unpredictable because of the extensive number of suppliers included and the differing administrations, materials and hardware required to convey substantial scale advancements (Hsu et al., 2013). Warrnambool cheese and butter accordingly stick to our D-Life process for improvement ventures, which covers the advancement life cycle from idea to culmination. Achieving Competitive Advantage: Use of the five forces analysis: The "Five Forces" analysis of an organization's focused surroundings, created by Michael Porter, still gives a helpful apparatus to distinguish outside aggressive difficulties and, like this, potential systems for the upper hand. In Porter's system, an upper hand comes through being the least cost supplier, giving separate abilities or concentrating on a specific zone of quality (Bohari, Cheng Fuad, 2013). Be that as it may, in today's surroundings, store network points of interest can all the more promptly and quickly be coordinated by contenders through such means as normal access to outside logistics suppliers. Value Chain Analysis: Value chain execution is broke down to recognize esteem from the client's perspective. There is no reason for supplying products or administrations if the association does not make esteem in the client's psyche (Soosay, Fearne Dent, 2012). Conventional administration bookkeeping strategies include productivity measures and controls. They can help associations to investigate supplier execution and organization capacities - however in segregation. Production network administration incorporates every connection in the entire store network, from maker to customer. The object of worth chain examination is to see every connection in the chain from the point of view of client necessities. Recognizing Risks and Opportunities: The model requests a legitimate assessment of supply chain hazard as far as the association's versatility and powerlessness. SCMA or supply chain management and anlysis methods are essential here. They ought to take a gander at both interest side such as client and supply-side such as supplier, hazard, together with production network weakness drivers (Harms, Hansen Schaltegger, 2013). Administration bookkeepers need to consider the level of store network development; the open doors this offers; and its effect on prerequisites for strong administration bookkeeping hones. Procurement Processes: The first stage in the procurement process will be the supplier's requisition request. The process indicates an electronic demand form that will be utilized for requisitioning items from the warehouses (Fleischmann, Meyr Wagner, 2015). The next phase in the process is bidding. In this process, the supplier will get an invitation in the bidding process and fill up bid requests. Then the supplier shall be selected through the supplier selection processes. After that, a contract will be signed with the supplier. Then the phase ordering from the supplier will come to the concern of the organization (Brindley Oxborrow, 2014). If all that goes perfectly then the ordered shipment will be delivered. At last in the procurement process, the payment to the supplier will be made. Figure 1: Procurement Process of WCB (Source: Baghalian, Rezapour Farahani, 2013) Strategic Sourcing: Identifying Gaps and Assessing Proficiency: Inventory network competency models regularly concentrate on seven to 10 useful skills for instance, production system administration, key sourcing, supplier improvement and characterize them for every level of capability (Monczka et al., 2015). It's vital to incorporate abilities drawn from the key space, for example, change administration, counseling, and group building, on the grounds that an effective change requires that sourcing and store network experts get to be interior specialists and change operators and additionally prepare specialists. Inability to incorporate key abilities from the earliest starting point implies that they won't be straightforwardly tended to amid later strides in the change procedure (Hoejmose, Brammer Millington, 2013). Once a competency model has been created and affirmed, an organization can survey its current sourcing and store network associations in respect to every competency that is reflected in the model. The distinction between the wanted level of capability built up by the model and the sourcing association's present level of capability speaks to the execution crevice that must be shut (Monczka et al., 2015). To address such deficiencies, organizations require a reasonable photo of the holes in capability in the chosen competency territories. Establishing Gap Closure Strategies: Once those evaluations have been finished, the following stride is to determine procedures to address the crevices. To acquire the essential backing, these systems must be reviewed at the organization's official levels (Hoejmose, Brammer Millington, 2013). It is likewise essential to perceive that not every single individual crevice can be shut with preparing and that not every single hierarchical hole can be shut by setting strategies. Viably tending to competency holes requires weaving together various procedures to make enterprise-wide systems that are pertinent to an association's particular needs and goals (Mena, Humphries Choi, 2013). The foundation of exhaustive crevice conclusion methodologies gets to be significant to the achievement of the change exertion. Developing Transformation Strategy: The crevice conclusion techniques add up to a guide for the change. Once that all has been looked into and affirmed by the top officials, then the organization can continue with usage. The accompanying segments will offer a brief diagram of the most widely recognized hole conclusion techniques with respect to four change drivers: the educational programs arrangement, preparing, process reengineering, and change empowering agents, taken as an example, instruments, methodology, and approaches (Hoejmose, Brammer Millington, 2013). The arrangement the educational modules. Preparing is dependably an essential component of change. It's critical to note, nonetheless, that not each instructional course is fundamentally an empowering agent of progress (Mena, Humphries Choi, 2013). This is the explanation behind making educational modules arrangement given the aftereffects of the whole examination. Electronic Procurement: E-procurement and Partner Relationships: The connection between the partner and the relation between e-procurement is very similar to each other. The e-procurement in WCB will serve as a platform for making the process, problem solving among the partners of WCB and WCB in the supply chain easy and quick (Zunk et al., 2014). E-Procurement and Information Distribution: An e-procurement system will be implanted in WCB, which will offer an infrastructure that will be based on the internet and will enable communication path to the supplier (Walker Brammer, 2012). The path to the supplier will be more efficient and effective than existing ways. E-Procurement and Supply Chain Integration: The e-procurement will be developed in a way that it will offer fresh opportunities for WCB to coordinate with the partners. Through that development, the collaborative planning will be more effective (Alvarez et al., 2012). Advantages of E-Procurement: The cost of the process will reduce to the minimum and with the saved fund WCB can improve other core processes (Walker Brammer, 2012). As the report analysis and writing will be easy, it will be efficient to cross check the procurement activities with the WCBs policies (Alvarez et al., 2012). With the records that will be created quicker than the conventional way, the production of WCB can be improved (Zunk et al., 2014). Sustainable Procurement: WCB will purchase anything being responsible to the society and ethics. In addition with that, the organization will also look forward to making the impact on the environment as minimum as possible. The solutions that the organization will be delivering must have to be economically sound (Walker Brammer, 2012). Furthermore, WCB will always take assistance from the best business practices. The sustainable procurement in WCB will consist of six dimensions of following: Environmental Use of natural resource Handling of environment Prevention of pollution such as water, waste, land and air. Economic Profit Economic growth Research and Development Cost saving Social Education to the employee about sustainability Building community Providing equal opportunity Social-environmental Stewardship of natural resources Environmental justice Locally and globally Economic and social Trading fairly Business ethics Preserving rights of the staffs Environmental-Economic Use of energy efficient utensils More use of natural resources Supply Risk: According to Hoffmann, Schiele Krabbendam (2013), supply risk can be referred to the threat that will stand as an obstacle in the path of the organization to fulfill its achievement. WCB will adopt the definition of supply risk stated by Hoffmann, Schiele Krabbendam (2013) in the aspects such as supply management and purchasing for providing support to the entire objectives of it. The supply risk can be occurred in the WCB because of supplier market characteristics and distinct supplier failure (Gurnani et al., 2013). For handling the supply risk, WCB will incorporate several strategies in their business such as following. Foresee and mitigating the possible supply risks. Making use or partially following the best practices of supply chain disruption (Hoffmann, Schiele Krabbendam, 2013). Handling risks that are related to outsourcing. Supply base explanation. Vendor handled inventory threats. Use of the just in time approach (Gurnani et al., 2013) Supply chain risk assessment (Hoffmann, Schiele Krabbendam, 2013). Thinking forward. Creating a policy that will guide the processes in terms of the organizations profit (Gurnani et al., 2013). Recommendation: Proactive Purchasing: WCB is recommended to transform their purchasing activities from reactive to proactive. Through that the purchasing manager will be able to make use of the best and latest procurement practices for assisting WCB to make the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chain as much as possible. Getting Rid of Spreadsheets: Depending on the unreliable and slow spreadsheet for planning purchases is a goose' move nowadays. WCB must make use of the electronic record in all the parts of the organization. Recognizing Innovation Patterns: The managers of the supply chain will be responsible for deciding the supplier of WCB has the capability for producing innovation in products. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that the use of the proper procurement strategy in the supply chain can provide WCB a great competitive advantage in the market. E-acquirement is a mechanical capacity of an acquisition framework comprising of four viewpoints: e-plan, e-sourcing, e-arrangement, and evaluation. In view of the innovative way of e-acquisition, accomplice connections, data sharing and store network incorporation are proposed as three intermediated variables which could possibly catch fundamental techniques connected through mechanical capacities furthermore speak to the methods of reasoning of the effect of e-acquirement on network inventory execution. E-procurement is a mechanical limit of an obtaining system involving four perspectives: e-plan, e-sourcing, e-course of action, and evaluation. In the perspective of the imaginative method for e-securing, accessory associations, information sharing and store system consolidation are proposed as three intermediated variables which could get key procedures associated through mechanical limits besides address the strategies for thinking of the impact of e-obtaining on stock system execution. References: Alvarez, J. M., Labra, J. E., Cifuentes, F., Alor-Hernndez, G., Snchez, C., Luna, J. A. G. (2012). Towards a pan-european e-procurement platform to aggregate, publish and search public procurement notices powered by Linked Open Data: the MOLDEAS approach.International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering,22(03), 365-383. Baghalian, A., Rezapour, S., Farahani, R. Z. (2013). Robust supply chain network design with service level against disruptions and demand uncertainties: A real-life case.European Journal of Operational Research,227(1), 199-215. Bohari, A. M., Cheng, W. H., Fuad, N. (2013). An analysis on the competitiveness of halal food industry in Malaysia: an approach of SWOT and ICT strategy.Geografia: Malaysian Journal of Society and Space,9(1), 1-11. Bolandifar, E., Kouvelis, P., Zhang, F. (2015). Delegation versus Control in Supply Chain Procurement under Competition.Available at SSRN 2661059. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Brindley, C., Oxborrow, L. (2014). Aligning the sustainable supply chain to green marketing needs: A case study.Industrial Marketing Management,43(1), 45-55. Fleischmann, B., Meyr, H., Wagner, M. (2015). Advanced planning. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 71-95). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gurnani, H., Ramachandran, K., Ray, S., Xia, Y. (2013). Ordering behavior under supply risk: an experimental investigation.Manufacturing Service Operations Management,16(1), 61-75. Harms, D., Hansen, E. G., Schaltegger, S. (2013). Strategies in sustainable supply chain management: an empirical investigation of large German companies.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(4), 205-218. Hoejmose, S., Brammer, S., Millington, A. (2013). An empirical examination of the relationship between business strategy and socially responsible supply chain management.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(5), 589-621. Hoffmann, P., Schiele, H., Krabbendam, K. (2013). Uncertainty, supply risk management and their impact on performance.Journal of purchasing and supply management,19(3), 199-211. Hsu, C. W., Kuo, T. C., Chen, S. H., Hu, A. H. (2013). Using DEMATEL to develop a carbon management model of supplier selection in green supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, 164-172. Mena, C., Humphries, A., Choi, T. Y. (2013). Toward a Theory of Multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Tier Supply Chain Management.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(2), 58-77. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Roberta Pereira, C., Christopher, M., Lago Da Silva, A. (2014). Achieving supply chain resilience: the role of procurement.Supply Chain Management: an international journal,19(5/6), 626-642. Sanderson, J., Lonsdale, C., Mannion, R., Matharu, T. (2015). Towards a framework for enhancing procurement and supply chain management practice in the NHS: Lessons for managers and clinicians from a synthesis of the theoretical and empirical literature. Sanderson, J., Lonsdale, C., Mannion, R., Matharu, T. (2015). Theories about procurement and supply chain management. Seuring, S. (2013). A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), 1513-1520. Soosay, C., Fearne, A., Dent, B. (2012). Sustainable value chain analysis-A case study of Oxford Landing from vine to dine.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(1), 68-77. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Walker, H., Brammer, S. (2012). The relationship between sustainable procurement and e-procurement in the public sector.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), 256-268. Warrnambool Cheese Butter | Quality Australian Dairy since 1888. (2016).Wcbf.com.au. Retrieved 3 July 2016, from https://www.wcbf.com.au/Home Zunk, B. M., Marchner, M. J., Uitz, I., Lerch, C., Schiele, H. (2014). The role of E-procurement in the Austrian construction industry: Adoption rate, benefits and barriers.International Journal of Industrial Engià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ neering and Management,5(1), 13-20.

Limitations on President Essay Example

Limitations on President Essay Among the specific factors which Newsstands work highlighted are Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitution and its amendments, the federal system, mass media, pressure groups and the federal bureaucracy. Imperial presidency The term the imperial presidency gained popularity in the early sass as a consequence of Arthur Schlesinger book in 1973. Schlesinger charts the abuse of power by successive twentieth-century presidents, in particular Lyndon Johnson (1963-69) and Richard Nixon (1969-74), which was due to the growth of the US presidency since the sass. In 1964, during the Vietnam War, Congress passed an authorization, the Tonic Gulf Resolution which states that Congress approves and purports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. This wasnt so much a power grab by Lyndon Johnson as an abdication of the power of Congress as it was a blank queue which President Johnson took as the moral and equal equivalent of a declaration of war. The president is as imperial as the Congress, the press and the public allow him to be therefore there are effective limitations on the presidents power. In the President f the united States (1990), British academic David Mervin states his belief that the concept of the imperial presidency was always something of a click as it up images of the president as an emperor, a supreme sovereign authority, a master of all he survey which is clearly not the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations on President specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations on President specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Limitations on President specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In that sense the debate about the imperial presidency in US politics parallels closely the debate in the I-J about the position of the prime minister as an elective dictatorship a term coined by Lord Hails in the same decade. In Sam Athenians article in the Wall Street Journey of 27th December 2002, he illustrates some of the problems associated tit the imperial presidency debate. Athenians concludes the imperial president not a useful idea. It is an epithet, dredged up whenever a president combines strength with imagination. Presidents are, in sum, leaders not rulers which means of course, they are not imperial at all. Offices of persuasion Professor Richard Nauseated writes presidential power is he power to persuade. Where the I-J prime minister can wield real power, the US president must usually persuade: the prime minister commands; the president influences. In 2003, George W Bush proposed a $726 billion tax cut to Congress, one in which his Republicans had a charity in both Houses but the President headed out of Washington on a tour of targeted states to rally support for his proposal. The president uses formal and informal management techniques in an attempt to give their priorities an advantage in the Washington policy process. The Executive Office of the President has grown substantially since it was established in 1939, and now includes dozen separate units, including such important elements as the National Security Council, the Council of Economic Advisors and the Office of Management and Budget. These units have a role in bringing together expertise to help and support efficient administration-led policy making and implementation making it an ineffective limitation on presidential power. Tim Homes (2000) points out that the different political context within which presidential administrations operate and the electorate advantages with which an administration starts provide an individual framework of constraint on the presidential ability to persuade. Supreme Court The Supreme Court plays a vital role in checking and controlling the powers of the presidency. The court can damage a president and negate a particular activity. An example of this is shown with Roosevelt over his Court packing scheme which would eave enlarged its and curtailed the power of older members. The Supreme Court has power to argue against a bill if it is against the US Constitution. In the case of Ursula v Bush (2004), the Supreme Court ruled that the detainees at Augmentation Bay did have access to the US federal courts to challenge their detention, thereby striking down an important part of the Bush administrations legal policy regarding the war on terror. In 2005, when Bush approved unauthorized spying on US citizens after 9/1 1, the Supreme Court challenged this bill as it violated the Constitution. Charles Evans Hughes, the 1 lath Chief Justice of the Supreme Court once said, We are under a Constitution, but the Constitution is what the Judges say it is. Since Mammary v Madison 1803 established the doctrine of Judicial review, the Supreme Court has been able to limit presidential powers by shaping the parameters of the Constitution to bring about social and legal change. The Supreme Court is effective in limiting the presidents powers as it is expected to be a Judicial body which is politically impartial and which must attempt to transcend passing political passions an uphold the eternal values of the Constitution. In the spirit of the British constitution, the premiership is undergoing change through the force of practice and convention. The result is of pure derivative of institutional authority or established arrangements of power so much as a qualitative shift in form and interior substance that transcends the formal infrastructure of Britains political system. In the I-J, the Courts are able to limit the powers of the prime minister through Judicial review. However the absence of a codified constitution makes Judicial review not so far-reaching. In particular, edges cannot overturn Acts of Parliament because of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Nevertheless they can determine the lawfulness of actions that are carries out on the basis of delegated legislation. This can be seen as an ineffective limitation on the presidency as some Presidents have the opportunity to elect new judges if a vacancy arises. Although the Supreme Court was able to limit Bushs power with regards to spying on US citizens, he was given the opportunity to elect 2 Republican Justices. Congress The president needs congressional support, and in the more assertive mood of Congress in recent years incumbents have found this difficult to achieve even with their own party in Control. Faced by hostility from Congress, Bush and Clinton in his last 6 years had difficulties in carrying out aspects of their programmer, resulting in gridlock, a situation in which the two branches of government were locked inch conflict. The tendency of Congress to appoint special prosecutors to probe every aspect of a presidents affairs, and the relentless media interest which this creates, have paralyzing impact on presidential policy. Investigations drag on, seemingly for artisan reasons, and there is always the ultimate borrow of the threat of impeachment. Although the case against Clinton originated in a sexual harassment case concerning Paula Jones, he east impeached as Silicons answers regarding his relationship with Monica Leninism, a former White House intern, were untruthful and the perjury involved enabled the Republican persecutor, Kenneth Starr, to recommend that President Clinton should be impeached in 1999. Four articles of impeachment were laid down before the House Judiciary Committee which in December 1998 voted to approve further action on all of them namely; Article 1 hearing perjury before Ken Stars federal grand Jury, Article 2 charging perjury in the Paula Jones deposition, Article 3 charging obstruction of Justice in the Paula Jones case and article 4 charging failure to respond to the 81 questions posed by the House Judicial Committee during the impeachment inquiry. Congress is an effective limitation on the presidency and powers vested within it as Congress function of oversight of the executive branch and has powers to subpoena documents and testimony, hold individuals in contempt if they fail to comply with Congresss demands. However unlike in the British Parliament, the executive is not present so there is no opportunity for Question Time in Congress. It is only in the committee rooms where members of the executive branch can be questioned so despite the whole of the executive branch being limited by Congress, limitations on the resident himself and his powers. The US Congress has more of difficult role in limiting the powers of the president and calling him to account than Parliament has simply because the executive branch arent members of the legislature as seen in the I-J. Federal bureaucracy Although the president has plenty of constitutional authority, he is limited by the federal bureaucracy. The federal bureaucracy has three principle functions, executing laws, creating rules and adjudication. The constitution states in Article 2 section that the president shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed and is the main reason why the president needs the federal bureaucracy. No modern president seems to have been able to stop and tame the bureaucracy, as a result the majority of the agencies created since the sass have survived intact into the twenty- first century. American writers burns et al make a series of fair observations when they write of one of the persisting paradoxes of the American presidency On the one hand, the institution is too powerful, and on the other, it is always too weak. It is too strong because in many ways it is contrary to the ideals of government by the people and decentralization of power. It is too weak because presidents seldom are able to keep the promises they make. The president is limited by the federal bureaucracy as it is the federal bureaucracy who are required to write the specific rules that decide how the laws will be executed. When compared to the I-J, the civil servants are in control, serving any government impartially, whatever its political complexion. They must carry out decision with which they personally may disagree and not involve themselves in any partisan activity. The issue regarding the federal bureaucracy is problematic as the problem of management and control of bureaucracies has become a central issue of modern democratic government. In addition, the federal bureaucracy is said to be insufficient especially due to the response of the Federal Emergency Management Agency to hurricanes Strain and Rata in 2005. Pressure groups Presidency groups can mobiles public opinion either for or against the president himself or his policies. President Clinton experience this in 1993-93 over his proposed healthcare reforms. The Health Insurance Association of American that aired the highly effective series of Harry and Louise commercials which went a long way to skippering the Presidents proposals by turning public opinion against them. Edward Achebe and Engel Seafood (1999) identified another close link between producer groups and the executive branch. Pressure groups are an effective limit n the presidents powers as they are able to use their representative function to ensure the president doesnt abuse his powers. Interest groups remain a powerful force in American politics as they continue to organize and represent significant sections of the community. As a result, they will continue to have a privileged claim on the attention of the executive branch and the president himself. In the I-J, pressure groups seek to influence and limit the power of the prime minister as they are the heart of the core executive which develop and make government policy. However pressure groups are ineffective as they priorities the need to shape the content of public policy. This was demonstrated with the National Farmers Union which works with the Department for Rural Affairs in implementing policies related to farm subsidies, disease control and animal welfare. Problems arise with pressure groups as they can be seen as being incompatible with a pluralist society where political resources and access to government are spread widely in the hands of many diverse groups. Pressure groups are fostering an elitist view of society in which lattice resources are in the hands of few not many. Media Administrations have taken media relations seriously for many years. Before the advent of the electronic media, successive presidential administrations had on occasion suffered from adversarial press coverage, and benefited from supportive reporting. What the media reports and say can have a profound limit to what presidents can do. President Theodore Roosevelt was an active campaigner for his policies, and believed that press dissemination of his energetic and well-structured speeches could act to maintain his proposals high on the public agenda, even to the extent of appealing directly to the public in an attempt to influence the congressional receptiveness to presidential initiatives. Newsstands analysis is central to the scholarship of the presidency, but it is not universally accepted. Among the dissenters, Charles O. Jones 1994, similarly accepts that the presidents authority is limited but Jones is not convinced by Newsstands argument that the resources exist whereby the system can in practice be adapted to become presidency-centered. This alternative to the Nauseated view points out the presidents media centrality is a result f recent developments in the communications industry, rather than the consequence of presidential actions, and argues that focusing in the president as the pivot of American government ignores the more complex reality of how American government operates. This indicates an individual level of constraint on the presidents powers. The media is an effective limit on presidential power as it assists with the success of a policy campaign. Success of this kind has proved a valuable asset in the longer term by enhancing an administrations reputation for influencing public opinion and political outcomes. In comparison, the media in the UK is becoming more critical of politicians. This was evident in battles between the Blair government and the BBC over allegations that, in the run-up to the Iraq War, the government had sexed up a dossier emphasizing the military threat posed by Iraq to the I-J. The medias coverage of politics has become more difficult for prime ministers to manage due to a tendency to hype, blurring if facts and interpretation and television increasingly following print media in its style of political and current affairs coverage. In British politics, Estelle Morris seemed like a misfit because she acted as a normal human being. When eccentrics are put in charge of a set of institutions, they will obviously modify their behavior to some extent; but they are likely to cause far more modification to the institution they inherit. Robbers arise as the presidency has not only an advantage in attracting media attention but that it also applies considerable resources to spin that attention to its greatest advantage. For all the work that goes into maintaining and developing the presidents media centrality this cannot be counted on always to offer the same potential and there are indications that media coverage of hard news, political news and the presidency itself has declined in recent years. Conclusion To conclude, there are very effective limitations on the presidents powers as the Founding Fathers intended whilst writing the US Constitution. Effective limitations include the other branches of government, Judiciary and legislature, due to their effective checks and balances on the executive branch in avoiding a tyrannical government. In addition, the media has proven an effective limitation s their role in providing vital information does influence public opinion and affect political outcomes as well as the presidents reputation. Other constraints include pressure groups and offices of persuasion however due to their person agendas limiting presidential power is not a priority resulting in effective constraints by these administrations. Lastly, the idea of an imperial president can be disregarded as the president is as imperial as his constraints allow him to be. Mark Garnett argues in comparison that the unconfined I-J constitution gives too much power to the Prime Minister and that the 2003 reshuffle underlined this problem rather than tackle it.

Effective Management in International Business Lessons from Four Seasons Expansion to France

Effective Management in International Business Lessons from Four Seasons Expansion to France Introduction Managing in an international business presents unique challenges due to differences in aspects such as culture and legislation among countries. For instance, a manager from a monochronic culture (e.g. North America) may find it challenging to work with employees from a polychronic culture (e.g. France) due to their different perceptions of time.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effective Management in International Business: Lessons from Four Seasons’ Expansion to France specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The monochronic-oriented manager would, for instance, focus on individual goals, sequentially, while the polychronic-oriented employees would be more comfortable working on multiple goals simultaneously (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003; Nardon Steers 2009). With respect to legislation, differences in legislation, for instance on labor and environment, may imply different operating costs for an en tity. This report analyzes how Four Seasons managed such dynamics when it expanded its services to France, to operate the Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris as reported in the case study by Hallowell, Bowen and Knoop (2003). Four Seasons has had a phenomenal history of operating luxury hotels and resorts as evidenced by its performance from 1996 through 2000. During this period, its revenues increased at a compound rate of 22.6% annually, with the operating margins increasing by approximately 9% (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003, p. 1). The entity’s revenue per room was also higher than the industry average in the U.S. and Europe (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Such success was ensured by its effective management approach and well-informed principles that guided its international growth. Despite this success, its entry into France was challenging; for instance, labor legislation in France lowered working hours for employees, while the French cultural-orientation differed significa ntly from cultures in the other regions in which Four Seasons had existing operations (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). This report assesses how four seasons overcame such challenges. Following the introduction, the report evaluates the appropriateness of management approach used to open the Parisian hotel, the core values demonstrated by various members of Four Seasons, and the impact of management approach on service delivery. The conclusion subsequently identifies the key aspects discussed throughout the report.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Four Seasons Approach when Opening Parisian Hotel The appropriateness of the management approach used by Four Seasons to open its operations in France was evident from factors such as awareness of French culture, adaptation to such a culture, and the principles that conferred the hotel with the ability to drive change. These aspects are highlighted in subsequent sections. Cultural awareness and adaptation Differences in cultures among countries affects aspects such as negotiations, communication, trust, commitment and cooperation (Hurn 2007; Wendt, Euwema van Emmerik 2009), hence may lead to unfavorable performance for an entity (Mullen Copper 1994; Pillai Williams 2004). Following the realization that cultural distance influences business outcomes, the need for managers to have an awareness of cultures in countries in which they run business activities has necessitated such practices as cultural training to ease adjustment to foreign cultures (Waxin Pannaccio 2005; Causin, Ayoun Moreo 2011). The awareness of Four Seasons management about cultural orientation of the French was primarily evident in the choice of the entry mode. For instance, by recognizing the opportunity that hotel George V presented, Four Seasons mnagement was able to avoid liabilities such as the label of a foreign entity t hat could influence its start-up performance. Such approach prevented an unsuccessful entry into the French market that had been a characteristic of other American entities such as Disney (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, Four Seasons’ management cultural awareness was evident with their choice of a French interior designer to overcome the challenges imposed by the choice of George V. The George V opportunity presented a challenge of establishing the appropriate balance between maintaining George V’s reputation and rebuilding the premises to meet preferences of contemporary visitors (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). By choosing a designer familiar with the French people’s perception of aspects such as luxury, thus capable of capturing the symbolism attached to the old hotel while creating a new look that would better customer satisfaction, the entity was able to enhance the hotel’s reputation with contemporary visitors while and retain the reput ation that hotel George V held (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Other instances that indicate cultural awareness and adaptation were related to the entity’s adherence to employment legislation existing in France and its hiring of a non-Four Seasons executive chef (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effective Management in International Business: Lessons from Four Seasons’ Expansion to France specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas the chef had challenges meeting expectations of contemporary visitors (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003), hiring such an individual with experience in French cuisine helped to reinforce the perspective of Four Seasons being a French palace hotel. Ability to drive change and Impact on Performance Four seasons opening of their Parisian hotel faced various cultural challenges due to differences in culture between North America and France. For instanc e, the managers faced challenges in the process of performance evaluation since the French culture did not favor a direct and explicit approach to discussing employees’ weaknesses, an approach that would be easy to apply in their North American establishments (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Similarly, whereas front-line and middle managers in North America assumed more responsibility and accountability for their roles, such managers in France tended to refer accountability for their decisions and policies to their superiors (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Other conflicting cultural aspects included the differences in perception of time and the French emotional way of doing tasks, which could, on the negative, result into the French temper lashing out (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Such differences implied that whereas Four Seasons management needed to adjust to some aspects of the French culture, in other aspects they would need to implement strategies that would help in cul tural transmission to help the entity meet its principle of providing services based on globally uniform standards. The approach taken by the management in opening the French hotel indicated the ability of Four Seasons to drive change. The entity for instance had established a strategy that enhanced cultural transformation to meet its established standards.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The entity’s strategy for instance encouraged the development of the right attitude to work by promoting employees who remained committed to the appropriate culture and attitude (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Eventually, such employees would form a critical mass that would form force required to achieve a cultural transformation for the whole entity. To achieve such a cultural-transforming effect in France, Four seasons hired individuals with prior experience working in North America; such individuals helped to demystify negative perception of the North-American aspects of culture that Four seasons intended to introduce at hotel George V (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Similarly, the managers hired had experience in other Four Seasons operations thus could help in training the employees on the expected standards of service (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The cultural transformation was also aided by the direct involvement of top management as exemplified by the general manag ers (Le Calvez) encouraging the use of first names, an aspect that was rare in the French culture (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The ability of the Four Seasons management to drive change was evident with changes in quality rating reported following second audit of quality of service at the hotel. In the first audit, various drawbacks to quality service included: staff’s inappropriate attitude, inability to sell the entity’s services and preoccupation with rules and policy to guide their actions (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). During the second audit, such aspects had given way to exemplary service that led to a quality rating comparable to other Four Seasons establishments (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, such an effect was notable in the high staff satisfaction with their job at Four Seasons as revealed via an Employee Opinion Survey (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Core Values Instilled in Four Seasons Team The successful opening and favorable performan ce of Four Seasons establishment in France resulted from various core values the entity entrenched in its staff. Among these values is the human resources’ â€Å"Golden Rule† that stipulates that staff ought to treat each other as they would wish to be treated (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The top management demonstrates this principle for instance by inviting employees and their families to an open door event at the hotel for about three times a year (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, the human resource approach that rewarded employees based only on meritocracy evidenced the application of this rule. Further, such a value was evident in Le Calvez’s approach of encouraging the use of first name to create a more-relaxed environment that ensured effective communication among employees at different levels of the organization’s hierarchy (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Four Seasons favorable performance was also a factor of the entity insisting o n each employee rendering professional service to the clients. Such is evident, for instance, with the stipulation that there should not have been a reason to offer below-par service to the customer (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). For instance, managers in Four Seasons were noted to routinely help in clearing the restaurant tables in passing (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Such an act avoided cases where staff shortage would result into a lower level of service thus lowering customer satisfaction with the entity’s service. The performance of four seasons was further aided by the strong allegiance of employees to the entity. For instance, Four Seasons had a low staff turnover with some employees staying with the firm for a period extending over 25 years (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). The general manager appointed to head the entity’s operations in France had been with Four Seasons for such a lengthy period having been an employee at The Pierre in New York, a hotel oper ated by Four Seasons, for 11 years (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Finally, Four Seasons performance derived from its promotion of diverse cultures but maintaining uniform standards. Such diversity in cultures was, for instance, evident in the observation that the entity’s top managers were comfortable in various international settings (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Through such knowledge, the managers could help employees learn about different cultures thus alleviating the challenges associated with cultural adjustment in foreign operations. Impact of Management Approach on Service Delivery The Four Seasons’ management approach enhances the service delivery within its establishments since it offers the motivation that employees need to remain committed to organizational goals. Such an effect is evident with the improvement in quality rating during the second audit of Four Seasons’ Parisian hotel (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). For instance, allowing middle and front-line managers to become accountable and responsible for decisions at their points of work (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003), empowers them to develop innovative approaches that better business outcomes (Cohen 2004; Burke et al., 2006). The management approach also supported the goals and principles of Four Seasons in a variety of ways. By instituting a cultural transformation, the management for instance sought to establish the attitude and behaviors that would result into a globally uniform service, irrespective of the location of the establishment. Such an approach reflected on Four Seasons’ notion of establishing service based on globally uniform standards, irrespective of the location of the establishment (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Additionally, by basing employee promotion and rewards on meritocracy, the management practiced the human resources’ golden rule which stipulated that each employee was to treat others according to the treatment that one would e xpect from them (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). Four Seasons’ approach to improve communication among employees at various levels of the organization, through such ways as employees’ meetings with the general manager, improved the capacity of the entity to deliver intelligent, anticipatory and enthusiastic service as envisioned in the entity’s principles (Hallowell, Bowen Knoop 2003). For instance, the improved communication helps in identifying potential risks that could lower the service provision at the entity, thus help in initiating timely corrective actions. Conclusion Wide cultural and legislative differences between the home and host country present a barrier to the establishment of effective management practices in the host country. This report evaluates how Four Seasons, a company with roots in North America, was able to manage such challenges in its operations in France. Factors such as management’s cultural awareness, adaptation and capacity to institute change, helped Four Seasons to open and run its operations in France successfully. The management’s cultural awareness was for instance noted in incorporating features of the French culture during the renovations and hiring of French individuals such as a chef to enhance cultural learning. Nevertheless, due to conflicting aspects between the French culture and Four Seasons established norms, the entity’s ability to institute change was the core determinant of success. Such change was established through ways such as hiring individuals with experience working in North America, who would act as the foundation for the transformation other employees’ attitudes. The management experience and skills were also critical in ensuring success of Four Seasons in France. Managerial aspects that enhanced Four Seasons outcomes included empowering middle and front-line managers to make decisions at their place of work, establishing effective communication channels at all levels of the organization’s hierarchy and sharing the commitment to the principles envisaged in the entity’s goals. Through such aspects, the entity’s quality rating had improved to levels comparable with existing establishment by the time the second quality audit was performed. References Burke, CS, Stagl, KC, Klein, C, Goodwin, GF, Salas, E Halpin, SM 2006, ‘What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams?A meta-analysis’, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 17, pp. 288-307. Causin, GF, Ayoun, B Moreo, P 2011, ‘Expatriation in the hotel industry: an exploratory study of management skills and cultural training’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 23, no. 7 Cohen, AR 2004 ‘Building a company of leaders’, Leader to Leader, vol. 34, pp.16-20. Web. Hallowell, R, Bowen, D Knoop, CI 2003, ‘Four Seasons goes to Paris: â€Å"53 properties, 24 countries, 1 philosophy†Ã¢â‚ ¬â„¢, Harvard Business Review, Case 9-803-069. Hurn, BJ 2007, ‘The influence of culture on international business negotiations’, Industrial and Commercial Training, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 354-360. Mullen, B Copper, C 1994, ‘The relationship between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration’, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 115, no. 2, pp. 210-227. Nardon, L Steers, RM 2009, ‘The culture theory jungle: divergence and convergence in models of national culture’, Cultural Foundations (part 1) in Cambridge handbook of culture, organizations, and work, eds RS Bhagat RM Steers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-23. Web. Pillai, R Williams, EA 2004, ‘Transformational leadership, self-efficacy, group cohesiveness, commitment and performance’, Journal of Organization Change, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 144-159. Waxin, MF Panaccio, A 2005, ‘Cross-cultural training to facilitate expatriate adjustment: it works! Personnel Revie w, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 51-67. Wendt, H, Euwema, MC van Emmerick, IJH 2009, ‘Leadership and team cohesiveness across cultures’, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 358-370.

GDP - Gross Domestic Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GDP - Gross Domestic Product - Essay Example Nominal GDP is the GDP according to current year prices while real GDP accounts for the effect of inflation on prices and is therefore also known as inflation adjusted GDP. By the use of a base year and elimination of effects due to price changes, real GDP allows useful comparisons to be made regarding the production of goods and services in an economy. For instance if the economy were growing at the rate of 4% per year while the rate of inflation was 1% then only 3% of the growth would be due to an increase in the economic output while 1% would be only due to price changes. GDP per capita describes the average number of goods and services consumed per person in a country. The significance of GDP as an instrument for channeling of aid and investments into countries is highlighted by Canoy and Lerais in the research titled ‘Beyond GDP’ that was composed for the European Commission in which they say: ‘GDP is the best-recognized measure of economic performance in the world, often used as a generic indicator of well-being. GDP is used in a large variety of political and financial arenas. It serves as a criterion to decide who has access to funds at international organizations such as the EU, UN, IMF and World Bank, GDP plays an important part in the Stability and Growth Pact, and it is a lead indicator for forecasts of financial markets and banks, to mention just a few examples. It is also used for international comparison and rankings and plays a crucial role in political debates.’ (Canoy and Lerais, 2007) The GDP of any given country fails to adequately explain its overall economic well being since its calculation either excludes or overstates a number of crucial aspects that describe the standard of living of a population. The notion of ‘well being’ has been described as a multidimensional concept ‘with both an individual interpretation in the Aristotelian spirit and a collective one to capture the progress of a nation’ (Canoy and Lerais, 2007).   Although GDP per capita i.e. goods and services consumed by the average person measures the spending by an individual yet it does not accurately depict an individuals’ well being. Materialistic expenditure is not all that characterizes individual well being. Rather it is a much more comprehensive idea including psychological well being as well as happiness derived from non material sources. An individual’s health, diet, achievements, mobility and participation in society are all essential sources o f contentment that are not included in calculation of GDP.

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example These end users regard companies who refuse to abide by the regulations as irresponsible and try to avoid them. This means that should all factors in the supply chain process be put in place but common actions on abiding by regulations that borders on the wellbeing of people and the environment be ignored, there is no way customers would accept or patronise products from such irresponsible companies (Bowman, 1997). This way, the core motifs of companies in going into production would totally be defeated. It is in light of this that corporate organisations and companies have always taken steps to be accepted in the face of customers and the general public as corporately responsible. To achieve such tags of corporate responsibility, companies take a number of corporate responses to address specific issues. In the following sections, three companies and how they have taken specific corporate responses to address certain issues that borders on the environment and the growing challenges o f global supply chain have been addressed. GlaxoSmithKline As a company, GlaxoSmithKline has taken a number of initiatives that are based on the principles and core values of supply chain management: particularly, supply chain business process integration to address a number of social and environmental issues (Lambert, 2008, p.15). Three of these and how the company facilitated change in the given directions have been discussed below. Environmental degradation As a pharmaceutical company, GlaxoSmithKline has been faced with several issues that concerns environmental degradation. Environmental degradation has been explained as an act that deliberately or unintentionally causes damage to the environment (Burgess, 1998). Such practices have bordered the company because it depends on some raw materials that are acquired directly from undertaking environmentally threatening acts like the cutting down of trees. In the course of manufacturing also, there is the release of large volumes of waste fumes into the environment. Through the supply chain management practice of manufacturing flow management, the company has been able to ensure that what could otherwise had been serious damage to the environment has been controlled. According to Goldsby (2003), manufacturing flow management â€Å"includes all activities necessary to move products through the plants and to obtain, implement, and manage manufacturing flexibility in the supply chain (p. 23)†. Specifically, the company has been engaged in the purchase of production plants that have been designed to internally recycle waste fumes for the generation of power. This way, waste fumes are not thrown into the open atmosphere. Rising energy and materials prices Recently global events including outbreak of wars and political uprising in major oil producing countries have led to rising price of crude on the world market. This has apparently led to increase in the cost of energy. Most commonly, increase in prices of e nergy leads to increase in prices of raw materials (Copacino, 1998, p.31). This is because of the high cost of transportation that increase in the prices of energy brings about. For GlaxoSmithKline as a company, steps have been taken with reference to the order demand

Human Resource Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Human Resource Management - Case Study Example The company that is discussed in the case study is the Oceanic Airways. The case is about the human resource management of the company and how the organization has failed to maintain profitability due to a massive failure in managing in its human resource. The case discusses the factors that have led the company to its downfall. The case also gives brief information on the airline industry of Asia. The main focus of the case is on Oceanic Airway’s HR practices. The case presents the failure of the HR department of Oceanic Airways due to many factors. The information about the practices of the company is given and the main players in the organization are also discussed with the comments of the employees. The case study also identifies many problems in the organizational structure of the company. The company is has seen any interference from the government and that is considered one of the main problems of the company. Communication gap was another problem identified. There are other factors like high fuel prices and other economic factors that have contributed to the downfall of the company. These factors are more or less uncontrollable for the organization. The main information is on the human resource management practices of the company and how different human resource department work in order to perform basic functions of recruiting, selecting, training and promoting. The details of how human resource department work is provided in the case. Human resource problems of the company are actually increasing with the day with more and more employees getting disgruntle about the situation. The company has to start to think about its practices and should revamp all its policies in order to satisfy employees and in turn make profits. Employees actually are a source of income for the company especially in times of uncertainty when the airline industry is facing intense competition and fuel prices are fluctuating like anything.

Contributions Of Galileo Galilei To Modern Astronomy Religion Essay

Contributions Of Galileo Galilei To Modern Astronomy Religion Essay Galileos Early Life and Career Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy. He was the oldest son of Vincenzo Galilei, a musician who made important contributions to the theory and practice of music. In the early 1570s, the family moved to Florence where they had lived for generations. In his middle teenager years, Galileo attended the monastery school at Vallombrosa, near Florence, and then in 1581 matriculated at the University of Pisa, where he was to study medicine but he decided to study mathematics instead.[3] In 1585, Galileo left the university without having obtained a degree and for several years he gave private lessons in the mathematics in Florence and Siena. During this period he designed a new form of hydrostatic balance for weighing small quantities.[3] He also began his studies on motion for the next two decades. Galileo discovered some ingenious theorems on gravity which brought him recognition among mathematicians, which resulted in him obtaining the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589. It was here where he was reported to have shown his students the error of Aristotles belief that speed of fall is proportional to weight, by dropping two objects of different weight simultaneously from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.[4] His contract was not renewed in 1592, probably because he contradicted Aristotelian professors.[4] The same year he was appointed to the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua, where he taught geometry, mechanics and astronomy until 1610. It was during this period that Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science and practical applied science. It was because of these discoveries that Galileo has been called the father of modern observational astronomy, the father of modern physics, the father of science, and the Father of Modern Science.[5] Galileos Work and Contributions to Modern Astronomy At Padua, Galileo invented a calculating compass for solving mathematical problems.[6] He discovered the law of falling bodies and of the parabolic path of projectiles. He also studied the motions of pendulums and investigated mechanics and the strength of materials.[7] In 1595, Galileo began to support the Copernican theory of the Earth revolving around the Sun (Heliocentric model) rather than the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic theory of the Earth at the centre of the universe (Geocentric model). The Copernican model had supported Galileos tide theory which was based on the motions of the Earth.[5] In the spring of 1609, Galileo heard that a spyglass had been invented in Holland. By trial and error, he quickly figured out the secret of the invention and made his own three-powered spyglass from lenses for sale in spectacle makers shops.[5] Others had done the same, but what set Galileo apart was that he quickly figured out how to improve the instrument, having taught himself the art of lens grinding, and thus, produced increasingly powerful telescopes. galileostele.jpg A Photo of The Original Galileo Telescope[8] By December 1609, Galileo had built a telescope of 20 times magnification and began observing the heavens. He discovered that the moon was not smooth, as had been thought by Aristotle and in fact, there were mountains and craters present on it making it rough and uneven.[9] Moon1.jpg Picture Showing Craters on the Moon[10] In January 1610, Galileo discovered four moons revolving around Jupiter thus proving that not all objects orbit the Earth (which was thought by Aristotle and Ptolemy).[11] These moons are now referred to as Galilean Moons. FG11_16.jpg Galilean Moons of Jupiter[12] These discoveries were tremendous and Galileo described them in a small book called The Sidereal Messenger which he dedicated to Cosimo II de Medici, the grand duke of his native Tuscany. He had also named the moons of Jupiter after the Medici family referring to them as the Sidera Medicea or Medicean Stars.[3] As a reward, Galileo was appointed as mathematician and philosopher of the grand duke of Tuscany. In Florence of that same year, he observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the moon, which proved that it must orbit the Sun and not the Earth.[1] This observation was among the most important in human history, for it provided the first conclusive observational proof that was consistent with the Copernican system but not the Ptolemaic system. According to Nicholas Copernicus heliocentric model of the solar system, the Sun is at the centre of the solar system with the Earth being just another planet orbiting the Sun. The orbit of Venus around the sun would allow all the phases of Venus to be visible from the Earth. On the other hand, Claudius Ptolemys geocentric model, with Earth at the centre and Venus orbiting Earth, only the crescent and new moon phases of Venus would be observed. venus_orbit.png Ptolemaic View versus Copernican View of Venus[11] Galileos telescopic observations of the crescent, gibbous and full phases of Venus provided empirical and conclusive evidence that the Ptolemaics model was incorrect. Galileo was now confirmed in his belief, that the Sun is the centre of the universe and that the Earth is a planet, as Copernicus had previously argued. Galileos conversion to Copernicanism was a key turning point in the scientific revolution. In 1613, Galileo also observed the Sun through his telescope and saw that there were dark patches present on it, (now referred to as sunspots,) which were considered to be imperfections at the time.[13] sunspots.gif Sunspots on the Sun as Observed by Galileo through his Telescope[14] This was contrary to what Aristotle had proposed in that, the heavenly spheres and bodies were made from a divine, unchanging, perfect substance which he said was the fifth element called aether.[15] (The four elements were earth, fire, air and water.) Aristotle held that this perfect substance, had by nature to execute perfect (uniform, circular) motion.[16] Galileo observed the motion of these sunspots which indicated that the Sun was rotating on an axis which made it possible that the Earth might be rotating on an axis as well, as required by the Copernican model. Thus, if the heavens were in fact not perfect, then the idea of elliptical orbits (according to Kepler) was not so objectionable.[11] These new facts were both unknown to Aristotle and Ptolemy. The Greeks rejected the Heliocentric model partly because they could not detect stellar parallax, which was the apparent shifts in stellar positions when observed from two separate points over the course of the year. Galileo observed with his telescope that the Milky Way resolved into countless individual stars, which helped him argue that the stars were far more numerous and more distant than the Greeks had believed. With this in mind, Galileo was able to conclude that stars were so far away that stellar parallax were undetectable, thus further supporting the Heliocentric model.[11] In 1616, Galileo also discovered the planet Saturn which had seen as a three-body system, which was later found out to be the rings of Saturn but, he was unable to see this because his telescope was not powerful enough, showing them as extensions on either side of the planet. DSC08891-Saturn.jpgPic26-ears.jpg Galileos Sketch of Saturn[17] View of Saturn through Galileos Telescope in 1616[17] Galileo also conducted experiments using rolling balls to demonstrate that a moving object remains in motion unless a force acts to stop it (now codified as Newtons First Law of Motion). This explained why objects such as birds, falling stones and clouds, which share Earths motion in space, should stay with Earth rather than fall behind as Aristotle had argued.[11] Thus, it was Galileo who had laid the final groundwork in modern astronomy (originally started by Copernicus and continued with Brahe and Kepler) which was used to overthrow the views of Aristotle and Ptolemaic model. It was then the work of Issac Newton who put all the pieces together and demonstrated that the laws that governed the heavens were the same laws that governed motion on Earth. Galileos Writings and Publications In Astronomy Many philosophy professors had scorned Galileos discoveries because they had strongly believed in Aristotles views of perfectly spherical bodies existing in the heavens. In 1610, Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry/Sidereal Messenger) was the first scientific paper to be published based on Galileos telescopic observations which reported about the Galilean Moons, the craters and mountains on the Moons surface, the Milky Way and the numerous stars which it contains and the appearances of planets and fixed stars.[18] In 1613 he published work on the sunspots he discovered called the Letters on Sunspots. This publication also included the full set of phases of Venus as well as the puzzling appearance of the three-body system of Saturn. In 1614 a Florentine priest denounced Galileo from the pulpit because a Pisan professor (in Galileos absence) told the Medici that belief in a moving earth was unorthodox. Galileo wrote a letter on the irrelevance of biblical passages in scientific arguments, stating that the Bible should be adapted to increased knowledge and that no scientific person should be made a critique of the Roman Catholic faith.[3] In early 1616, Copernican books were subjected to censorship by law and that Galileo must no longer hold or defend the concept that the earth moves. Galileo remained silent on the subject for some years until 1623 when he published The Assayer. This book set forth his views on the mathematical formulation of scientific reasoning as well as experiments he conducted in determining longitudes at sea by using his predictions of Jupiters satellites. This book was successful and got support among the higher levels of Christian Churches. In 1624, Galileo went to Rome where he had a few interviews with the Pope (Urban VIII at that time), whom he told about his theory on tides that he developed in 1616. Galileo put forward proof of the annual and diurnal motions of the Earth, whereby he was granted the permission to write a book about the theories of the universe, but was warned to treat Copernican theory only hypothetically.[18] In 1630, the book titled the Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems was allowed to print by the Roman Catholic sensors at Rome, but they altered the title, excluding the words Ptolemaic and Copernican (at the end of the above title). The book was finally published at Florence in 1632. However, in 1633 Galileo was summoned by the Roman Inquisition to stand trial for suspicion of heresy, on the grounds that he had been personally ordered in 1616 not to discuss Copernicanism either orally or in writing and was sentenced to life imprisonment which was commuted to house arrest.[18] The Dialogue was ordered to be burned. galilei_image01.jpg Painting depicts Galileo standing trial in Rome for his belief in Copernicanism[19] In 1638 at Leiden, Galileos final book was published entitled the Discourses Concerning Two New Sciences, which reviewed and refined his earlier studies of motion and mechanics. This book led Newton to the law of gravitation that linked Keplers laws with Galileos physics. Conclusion Galileo became blind before his last book was published. He died at his home in Arcetri, near Florence on January 8th 1642. It was not until 1979 an investigation into Galileos condemnation called for a reversal by Pope John Paul II and in October 1992, a papal commission acknowledged the Churchs error. Fifty years after his death the city of Florence erected a monument in Galileos honour in Santa Croce. 800px-Tomb_of_Galileo_Galilei.jpg Tomb of Galileo in Santa Croce[20] In December 2008, during the events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileos telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy. Galileo still remains one of the most important scientists of his time and even though he had a difficult lifetime and personally suffered because of his ideas, he is greatly appreciated today.